An Analysis into Metalanguage of English Morphosyntax in English-Persian Translation Process
A Mixed-Method Study
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the contribution of English-Persian translation students' metalinguistic knowledge of English to their translation performance. To that end, a sequential mixed-method research design (i.e., QUAN → QUAL) was employed. For this purpose, 39 senior students that were majoring in English translation were selected through convenience sampling. In the quantitative phase, a metalinguistic knowledge test (MLKT) and a translation test (TT) were administered to the participants in order to measure their metalanguage of English and English-Persian translation performance, respectively. Then, the participants were divided into two groups based on the median (i.e., high-metalanguage and low-metalanguage). Finally, for the purpose of confirming the quantitative results, the two groups were asked to verbalize their thoughts about the translation work, while translating twenty-five English sentences into Persian. The independent-samples t-test indicated that there was a significant difference between the high- and low-metalanguage groups in TT performance. However, the results of four regression analyses showed that MLKT could not predict any variance of TT. Finally, the analysis of TAP data manifested the lack of explicit knowledge of English morphosyntax on the part of both high- and low-metalanguage groups. The findings of this study are discussed and implications are offered for translation trainers and researchers.
Keywords:
morphosyntax, metalanguage, mixed-method study, think-aloud protocolReferences
Abdi, M., & Zahdi (2014). Metalinguistic awareness and its impact on teachers’ written output. Journal of Educational and Instructional Studies in the World, 4(4), 2146–7463.
Albir, A. (2017). Researching translation competence by PACTE group. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Alderson, J.C., Clapham, C., & Steel, D. (1997). Metalinguistic knowledge, language aptitude and language proficiency. Language Teaching Research, 1(2), 93–121.
Akbari, A. (2019). Measuring the degree of difficulty and translation competence: The two intertwining variables in modern translation multiple-choice items testing. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 12(3), 475–494.
Andrews, S., & A. McNeill. (2005). Knowledge about language and the ‘Good Language Teacher’. In N. Bartels (ed.), Researching applied linguistics in language teacher education (pp. 159–178). New York: Springer Science+Business Media LLC.
Arghamiri, A., & Sadighi, F. (2013). The impact of metalinguistic knowledge and proficiency level on pragmatic competence of Iranian EFL learners. International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World, 4(1), 181–192.
Bayer-Hohenwarter, G. (2009). Methodological reflections on the experimental design of time-pressure studies. Across Languages and Cultures, 10(2), 193–206.
Berry, R. (2005). Making the most of metalanguage. Language Awareness, 14(1), 3–20.
Berry, R. (2009). EFL majors' knowledge of metalinguistic terminology: a comparative study, Language Awareness, 18(2), 113–128.
Bialystok, E. (1978). A theoretical model of second language learning. Language Learning, 28(1), 81–103.
Cambridge Assessment. (2020). CELTA: What's in the CELTA course? Retrieved May 27, 2020 from https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/teaching-english/teaching-qualifications/celta/about-the-celta-course/
Cooper, T. C. (1999). Processing of idioms by L2 learners of English. TESOL Quarterly, 33(2), 233–262.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
De Graaff, R., & Housen. A. (2009). Investigating the effects and effectiveness of L2 instruction. In M. H. Long & C. J. Doughty (eds.), The handbook of language teaching (pp. 726–755). New York: Blackwell.
DeKeyser, R. M. (2007). Practice in a second language: Perspectives from applied linguistics and cognitive psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Elder, C. (2009). Validating a test of metalinguistic knowledge. In R.S. Ellis, S. Loewen, C. Elder, J. Erlam, J. Philip & H. Reinders (eds.), Implicit and explicit knowledge in second language learning, testing and teaching (pp. 113–138). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Ellis, R. (2001). Some thoughts on testing grammar: An SLA perspective. In C. Elder, A. Brown, E. Grove, K. Hill, N. Iwashita, T. Lumley, T. McNamara & K. O’Loughlin (eds.), Experimenting with uncertainty: Essays in honour of Alan Davies (pp. 251–263). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ellis, R. (2004). The definition and measurement of L2 explicit knowledge. Language Learning, 54(2), 227–275.
Ellis, R. (2005). Measuring implicit and explicit knowledge of a second language: A psychometric study. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27(2), 141–171.
Ellis, R. (2006). Modelling learning difficulty and second language proficiency: The differential contributions of implicit and explicit knowledge. Applied Linguistics, 27(3), 431–263.
Ellis, R. (2009). Implicit and explicit learning, knowledge and instruction. In Ellis, R., Loewen, S., Elder, C., Erlam, J., Philip, J. & Reinders, H. (Eds.), Implicit and explicit knowledge in second language learning, testing and teaching (pp. 3–26). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Farahzad, F. (1992). Testing achievement in translation classes. In C. Dollerupt & A. Loddergard (Eds.), Teaching translation and interpreting training, talent and experience (pp.271–278). Amsterdam: John Benjamin.
Galán-Mañas, A., & Hurtado Albir, A. (2015). Competence assessment procedures in translator training. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 9(1), 63–82.
Gutiérrez, X. (2013). Metalinguistic knowledge, metalingual knowledge, and proficiency in L2 Spanish. Language Awareness, 22(2), 176–191.
Hashemi, M.R., & Babaii, E. (2013). Mixed methods research: Toward new research designs in applied linguistics. MLJ, 97(4), 828–852.
Halverson. S.L. (2018). Metalinguistic knowledge/awareness/ability in cognitive translation studies: Some questions. Hermes – Journal of Language and Communication in Business, 57, 11–28.
Iida, A., Teele, N. J., & Kuwayama, T. (2005). A study on developing undergraduates’ fundamental skills of English conducted with a large class No. 1. Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts Annual Reports of Studies, 56, 1–12.
Javadinia, A., & Mahmoudi. K. (2015). The relationship between metalinguistic knowledge (syntax) and Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ writing performance. International Journal of Educational Investigations, 2(1), 103–120.
Jensen, A. (1999). Time pressure in translation. In G. Hansen (Ed.), Probing the process in translation. Methods and results (pp.103–119). Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur.
Khayatan, P., & Biria, R. (2018). The impact of translation on L2 learners’ metalinguistic Competence. International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 7(1), 73–89.
Krashen, S.D. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford: Pergamon.
Krashen, S.D. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon.
Laval, V. (2003). Idiom comprehension and metapragmatic language in French children. Journal of Pragmatics, 35, 723–739.
Martínez Melis, N., & Hurtado Albir, A. (2001). Assessment in translation studies: Research needs. Meta, 46(2), 272–287.
PACTE. (2000). Acquiring translation competence: Hypotheses and methodological problems in a research project. In A. Beeby, D. Ensinger & M. Presas (eds.), Investigating translation (pp. 99–106). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Purpura, J. (2004). Assessing grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roehr, K. (2007). Metalinguistic knowledge and language ability in university-level L2 learners. Applied Linguistics, 29(2), 173–199.
Roehr, K. (2008). Linguistic and metalinguistic categories in second language learning. Cognitive Linguistics, 19, 67–106.
Roehr, K., & Ganem-Gutiérrez, G.A. (2009a). Metalinguistic knowledge: A stepping stone towards L2 proficiency. In A. G. Benati (ed.), Issues in second language proficiency (pp. 7–94). New York: Continuum.
Roehr, K., & Gánem-Gutiérrez, G.A. (2009b). The status of metalinguistic knowledge in instructed adult L2 learning. Language Awareness, 18(2), 165–181.
Robinson, P. (1995). Attention, memory, and the “noticing” hypothesis. Language Learning, 45(2), 283–331.
Saldanha, G., & O’Brien, S. (2013). Research methodologies in translation Studies. London: Routledge.
Salehi, S.K., Sheikh, M., Hemayattala, R. & Humaneyan, D. (2016). The effect of different ages levels and explicit - implicit knowledge on motor sequence learning. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(18), 13157–13165.
Sarkeshikian, A.H., & Alavi, M (2016). Investigating the relatedness of five different operationalizations of knowledge of English Morphosyntax: A levels of processing approach. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 6(11), 2124–2133.
Seifoori, Z.Z. (2013). Metalinguistic awareness and the accuracy of postgraduate TEFL students’ writing: Teacher’s focus vs. learners’ focus. Journal of Applied Linguistics, 6(13), 146–166.
Sharmin, S., Špakov, O., Räihä, K., & Jakobsen, A. L. (2008). Effects of time pressure and text complexity on translators’ fixations. In K.J. Raiha & A.T. Duchowski (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2008 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, ETRA ‘08 (pp.123–126). New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
Sorace, A. (1985). Metalinguistic knowledge and language use in acquisition-poor environments. Applied Linguistics, 6(3), 239–254.
Tokunaga, M. (2010). Metalinguistic knowledge of low-proficiency university EFL learners. In A. M. Stoke (ed.), JALT 2009 Conference Proceedings (pp. 1–11). Tokyo: JALT.
Wistner, B. (2010). Applying the Rasch model in the validation of a test of metalinguistic knowledge. JALT, 61, 101–107.
Ziętek, A. A., & Roehr, K. (2011). Metalinguistic knowledge and cognitive style in Polish classroom learners of English. System, 39(4), 417–426.
Published
Versions
- 2021-01-14 (2)
- 2020-10-18 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Licensee: Iranian Journal of Translation Studies. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license).